Peru — Cusco
Vilcabamba Traverse, Peru: A very challenging 115km, 6-8 day trek through remote Andean wilderness. This demanding route links the ancient Inca citadel of Choquequirao to the legendary ruins of Machu Picchu. Traverse high mountain passes, descend into deep gorges, and witness unparalleled panoramas on this rugged, isolated expedition.
Distance: 115.0 km
Elevation Gain: 5000 m
Difficulty: Very Challenging
Duration: 6-8 days
The Vilcabamba Traverse is a challenging multi-day trek in the Peruvian Andes, leading adventurers through remote mountain landscapes to the legendary Inca citadel of Choquequirao, and then onward to the even more remote and historically significant Inca ruins of Machu Picchu. This trek is not for the faint-hearted; it demands significant physical fitness, mental fortitude, and a willingness to embrace rugged conditions. The route traverses dramatic mountain passes, descends into deep canyons, and winds through cloud forests, offering a profound connection with the raw beauty of the Andes and the rich history of the Inca Empire.
Unlike more popular routes, the Vilcabamba Traverse offers a genuine sense of exploration. You'll encounter fewer trekkers, allowing for a more intimate experience with the stunning scenery and the ancient Inca sites. The journey is a testament to the ingenuity of the Inca people, who built their sophisticated settlements in seemingly inaccessible locations. From the awe-inspiring scale of Choquequirao, often referred to as Machu Picchu's "sister city," to the final approach to Machu Picchu, this trek is a pilgrimage through history and a celebration of the enduring spirit of the Andes.
The Vilcabamba Traverse is a journey that unfolds in stages, each presenting unique challenges and rewards. It begins with an ascent towards the remote Inca ruins of Choquequirao, a sprawling archaeological site perched dramatically on a ridge overlooking the Apurímac River canyon. This initial phase is physically demanding, with steep ascents and descents that test your endurance and acclimatisation to the altitude.
After exploring the magnificent terraces and structures of Choquequirao, the trek enters its most remote and challenging section. The path winds through high mountain passes, often above 4,000 metres, where the air is thin and the landscapes are stark and breathtaking. You'll traverse rugged terrain, cross glacial streams, and camp in remote locations, far from any civilisation. This part of the trek offers unparalleled solitude and a deep immersion in the wild beauty of the Andes.
The final leg of the journey leads you towards the iconic Inca Trail and the ultimate destination: Machu Picchu. As you approach the Sacred Valley, the landscape gradually changes, and you'll begin to encounter more signs of human habitation, culminating in the awe-inspiring sight of the "Lost City of the Incas." The Vilcabamba Traverse is more than just a trek; it's an expedition that combines historical discovery, extreme physical challenge, and an unforgettable encounter with the majestic Peruvian Andes.
The trek is characterised by its dramatic elevation changes. You will experience significant ascents to high passes, followed by steep descents into deep river valleys. The weather can be unpredictable, with sunny days giving way to cold winds, rain, or even snow at higher altitudes. Proper preparation and gear are essential for navigating these conditions safely and comfortably.
The Vilcabamba region holds immense historical significance as the last refuge of the Inca Empire. Following the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, a group of Inca nobles, led by Manco Inca Yupanqui, retreated to the Vilcabamba region, establishing a Neo-Inca state that resisted Spanish rule for several decades. This remote and strategically defensible area became the heart of the Inca resistance.
Choquequirao, meaning "Cradle of Gold" in Quechua, was one of the last Inca strongholds. Its construction, believed to have begun during the reign of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui and expanded by his successors, showcases the architectural prowess of the Inca. Its remote location and the challenging terrain surrounding it likely contributed to its preservation and its eventual rediscovery by Hiram Bingham III in 1909, though local communities knew of its existence long before.
The Vilcabamba Traverse, therefore, is not just a physical journey but a historical expedition. It follows ancient Inca routes, passing through settlements and ceremonial sites that whisper tales of a lost civilisation. The trek offers a unique opportunity to connect with the legacy of the Inca people, understanding their deep connection to the land and their remarkable ability to thrive in such a challenging environment. The journey to Machu Picchu, the most famous of all Inca sites, serves as the grand finale to this historical pilgrimage.
The Quechua people, descendants of the Inca, continue to inhabit these regions, maintaining traditions and a deep spiritual connection to the mountains and the ancient sites. Their presence adds another layer of cultural richness to the trek, offering glimpses into a way of life that has endured for centuries.
The Vilcabamba Traverse is best undertaken during the dry season, which typically runs from May to September. This period offers the most favourable weather conditions for trekking in the Andes, with clearer skies, less rainfall, and more stable temperatures.
May to June: The beginning of the dry season. Days are generally sunny and pleasant, though nights can be cold, especially at higher altitudes. The landscapes are often vibrant, and the air is crisp. This is an excellent time to trek, with fewer crowds than in the peak months.
July to August: This is the peak of the dry season and the most popular time to trek. Days are typically sunny and warm, but temperatures can drop significantly at night, often below freezing at higher elevations. The skies are usually clear, offering spectacular views of the surrounding mountains. However, this is also the busiest period, and you may encounter more trekkers on the trail.
September: The end of the dry season. The weather remains generally good, though there's a slightly increased chance of rain towards the end of the month. The landscapes may start to show signs of the approaching wet season, with some vegetation turning brown. It's still a good time to trek, and crowds begin to thin out.
Wet Season (October to April): This period is characterised by heavy rainfall, muddy trails, and increased risk of landslides. While some trekkers may still attempt the route, it is generally not recommended due to the challenging conditions and potential for trail closures. Visibility can be poor, and the high passes may become impassable.
Regardless of the season, weather in the Andes can change rapidly. Be prepared for all conditions, including sun, wind, rain, and cold, even during the dry season. Altitude sickness is also a significant factor, and acclimatisation is crucial.
Day 1: Cusco to Huancacalle & Trek to Pincaymayo
Day 2: Pincaymayo to Chaqueccha
Day 3: Chaqueccha to Choquequirao Base Camp
Day 4: Explore Choquequirao & Trek to Rio Blanco
Day 5: Rio Blanco to Maizal
Day 6: Maizal to Yanama Pass & Camp
Day 7: Yanama Pass to La Playa & Transfer to Aguas Calientes
Day 8: Machu Picchu & Return to Cusco
Note: This is a sample itinerary. Actual distances, times, and campsites may vary depending on the specific route taken, guide's discretion, and weather conditions. It is highly recommended to trek with a reputable guide and porters.
The Vilcabamba Traverse is a serious undertaking that requires meticulous planning. Given its remoteness and challenging nature, it is strongly advised to undertake this trek with a reputable tour operator who can arrange logistics, guides, porters, and necessary permits. Attempting this trek independently requires extensive experience in high-altitude trekking, navigation, and self-sufficiency.
Acclimatisation: Cusco, the gateway city, sits at an altitude of 3,400 metres. It is crucial to spend at least 2-3 days in Cusco or the Sacred Valley (which is at a slightly lower altitude) to acclimatise before commencing the trek. This will significantly reduce the risk of altitude sickness.
Physical Fitness: This trek demands excellent cardiovascular fitness and muscular endurance. You should be comfortable hiking for 6-8 hours a day with a heavy pack (if not using porters) over steep and uneven terrain at high altitudes. Regular training, including hiking with a weighted backpack and cardiovascular exercises, is essential.
Logistics: Arrange your transport from Cusco to Huancacalle (the trailhead) and from La Playa to Aguas Calientes. This is typically handled by tour operators. Ensure you have booked your Machu Picchu entrance ticket and train tickets well in advance, as they sell out quickly.
Base Town/City Information: Cusco is the primary base for this trek. It offers a wide range of accommodation options, from budget hostels to luxury hotels, as well as numerous restaurants, gear shops, and medical facilities. It's a vibrant city with a rich history and plenty to explore before and after your trek.
The Vilcabamba Traverse primarily involves camping. There are no established lodges or huts along the route, except for basic accommodations in villages like Huancacalle or Maizal, which are often rudimentary. You will be camping in designated or suitable wild camping spots.
Campsites: Campsites are typically established in relatively flat areas, often near water sources. They can range from basic clearings to more organised sites near small villages. Facilities are usually limited to natural surroundings.
Facilities Provided:
What's NOT Provided:
Seasonal Availability: Camping is possible year-round, but the dry season (May to September) is highly recommended for safety and comfort. During the wet season, campsites can become waterlogged and muddy.
Costs: Camping costs are typically included in the overall tour package price. If arranging independently, factor in costs for campsite fees (if applicable), food, and fuel for cooking.
Note: For the final days leading to Machu Picchu, you will stay in a hotel in Aguas Calientes.
Securing the necessary permits is a critical part of planning the Vilcabamba Traverse. The most important permits are for entry into Machu Picchu and potentially for the Choquequirao archaeological site.
Machu Picchu Entrance Ticket: This is the most crucial permit and must be booked well in advance, especially during peak season. There are different circuits available within Machu Picchu, each offering a different perspective. You will also need to decide if you wish to climb Huayna Picchu or Machu Picchu Mountain, which require separate, limited tickets.
Choquequirao Entrance Fee: While not a permit in the same sense as Machu Picchu, there is an entrance fee to access the Choquequirao archaeological site. This is usually paid upon arrival or can be arranged by your tour operator.
Inca Trail Permits (if applicable): If your Vilcabamba Traverse includes a section of the classic Inca Trail, you will need an Inca Trail permit. These are extremely limited and sell out months in advance. However, most Vilcabamba Traverse routes bypass the classic Inca Trail and use alternative paths to reach Machu Picchu.
National Park Fees: Depending on the specific route and any variations, there might be small local park entrance fees. Your tour operator will typically cover these.
Important Considerations:
Detailed route notes, maps, logistics & tips for the Vilcabamba Traverse (PDF).
Precisely traced GPX for the Vilcabamba Traverse, ready for your GPS or favourite mapping app.
Beyond the trek itself, the Cusco region and the Sacred Valley offer a wealth of cultural and natural attractions:
Altitude Sickness (Soroche): This is the most significant risk on the Vilcabamba Traverse. Symptoms can include headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Acclimatisation in Cusco or the Sacred Valley for 2-3 days before starting the trek is crucial. Diamox (acetazolamide) can be prescribed by a doctor to aid acclimatisation. Stay hydrated, avoid alcohol and heavy meals, and ascend gradually.
Weather: Andean weather is unpredictable. Be prepared for rapid changes, including intense sun, strong winds, rain, and even snow at higher altitudes. Temperatures can drop significantly at night. Always check the forecast and be ready for all conditions.
Trail Conditions: Trails can be steep, rocky, and uneven. Descents can be particularly challenging on the knees. During the wet season, trails can become muddy and slippery, increasing the risk of falls. Landslides are also a possibility during heavy rains.
River Crossings: The trek involves crossing rivers, including the Apurímac River via a suspension bridge. These crossings can be hazardous, especially after heavy rain when water levels rise. Always use caution and follow your guide's instructions.
Remoteness: Much of the Vilcabamba Traverse is in very remote areas with limited access to emergency services. It is essential to trek with experienced guides and porters who are trained in first aid and emergency procedures. Carrying a personal locator beacon (PLB) is highly recommended.
Food and Water Safety: Ensure all food is properly cooked and served by your tour operator. Treat all drinking water using a filter or purification tablets, even if it appears clear.
Physical Demands: The trek is physically demanding due to the altitude, steep ascents and descents, and long trekking hours. Ensure you are adequately fit and have trained appropriately.
Travel Insurance: Comprehensive travel insurance that covers high-altitude trekking, medical emergencies, and evacuation is essential.
Choquequirao Archaeological Site: This is the primary point of interest on the first half of the trek. Allow ample time to explore its vast agricultural terraces, ceremonial plazas, temples, and the famous "Llamas of the Sun" mosaics. The scale and engineering of Choquequirao are truly remarkable, offering a profound insight into Inca civilisation.
Apurímac River Canyon: The dramatic descent into and ascent out of the Apurímac River canyon is a significant feature of the trek. The sheer scale of the canyon, with its steep walls and the powerful river below, is awe-inspiring. The suspension bridge crossing the Apurímac is a notable landmark.
High Mountain Passes: The trek traverses several high mountain passes, often exceeding 4,000 metres. These passes offer spectacular panoramic views of the surrounding Andes mountain ranges, including snow-capped peaks and vast, rugged landscapes. The feeling of accomplishment upon reaching these high points is immense.
Remote Villages: Passing through small, remote villages like Huancacalle and Maizal provides a glimpse into the traditional way of life in the Andes. These communities are often agricultural and maintain ancient customs and traditions.
Cloud Forest Ecosystems: As you ascend and descend through different altitudes, you will traverse diverse ecosystems, including lush cloud forests. These areas are rich in biodiversity, with unique flora and fauna.
Machu Picchu: The ultimate destination. The exploration of this iconic Inca citadel is the culmination of the trek. Its intricate stonework, strategic location, and mysterious history make it one of the world's most captivating archaeological sites.
The Vilcabamba Traverse takes you through pristine natural environments and culturally significant archaeological sites. Adhering to Leave No Trace principles is paramount to preserving these areas for future generations and respecting the local communities.
Plan Ahead and Prepare: Research the trek thoroughly, understand the challenges, and prepare physically and mentally. Book with reputable operators who follow LNT principles.
Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces: Stick to established trails and camp in designated or durable areas. Avoid trampling vegetation, especially in fragile ecosystems like cloud forests and around archaeological sites.
Dispose of Waste Properly: Pack out everything you pack in, including all food scraps, wrappers, and toilet paper. Use designated toilets where available, or dig catholes at least 60 metres away from water sources, trails, and campsites. Human waste can contaminate water and spread disease.
Leave What You Find: Do not remove any natural objects (rocks, plants) or cultural artefacts. Respect archaeological sites and do not touch or climb on ruins.
Minimise Campfire Impacts: Campfires are generally not permitted on this trek due to the risk of wildfires and the impact on vegetation. Use portable stoves for cooking.
Respect Wildlife: Observe wildlife from a distance and never feed animals. Feeding can alter their natural behaviour and diet, and can be harmful to their health.
Be Considerate of Other Visitors: Keep noise levels down, especially in campsites and at archaeological sites. Yield to other trekkers on narrow trails. Respect the local culture and traditions of the communities you pass through.
By following these principles, you help ensure that the Vilcabamba Traverse remains a wild and beautiful experience for all.
