Peru — Ollantaytambo
Ascend to the ancient Pumamarca Ruins on this moderate 8km day hike near Ollantaytambo, Peru. This 4-6 hour route winds through the Sacred Valley highlands, revealing a significant Inca archaeological site perched on a mountainside. Enjoy sweeping panoramas of dramatic Andean peaks and valleys, a testament to Inca ingenuity and their connection to this pristine wilderness.
Distance: 8.0 km
Elevation Gain: 400 m
Difficulty: Moderate
Duration: 4-6 hours
The Pumamarca Ruins Trek is a captivating day walk located near Ollantaytambo in Peru's Sacred Valley. This relatively short but rewarding hike offers a glimpse into the Inca civilization's ingenuity and their harmonious relationship with the dramatic Andean landscape. The trail leads to the impressive Pumamarca ruins, a lesser-known but significant Inca archaeological site perched high on a mountainside, offering panoramic views of the surrounding valleys and peaks. It's an ideal excursion for those seeking to explore beyond the main tourist hubs and experience a more intimate connection with Peru's rich history and stunning natural beauty.
The Pumamarca Ruins Trek is a journey back in time, ascending through terraced agricultural land and rugged mountain paths to reach a remarkably preserved Inca settlement. The trail begins in the historic town of Ollantaytambo, a living Inca city that itself is a testament to their architectural prowess. From Ollantaytambo's main plaza, the route gradually climbs, offering increasingly spectacular vistas of the Patakancha Valley and the imposing fortress of Ollantaytaytambo below. As you ascend, you'll pass by ancient Inca agricultural terraces, a clear indication of the Incas' advanced understanding of land management and their ability to cultivate crops in challenging terrain.
The higher you climb, the more the landscape opens up, revealing the vastness of the Sacred Valley. The air becomes thinner, and the silence is broken only by the wind and the occasional call of a bird. The final approach to Pumamarca involves a steeper ascent, rewarding your efforts with the sight of stone structures that have stood for centuries. The ruins themselves are a fascinating complex, featuring residential areas, ceremonial platforms, and storage facilities, all strategically positioned to command views of the valley and the surrounding mountains. The site's remote location and limited visitor numbers contribute to its serene atmosphere, allowing for a contemplative experience of Inca history and engineering.
This trek is classified as moderate due to the sustained elevation gain and the uneven terrain. However, the well-defined path and the relatively short distance make it accessible to most reasonably fit individuals. The best time to undertake this trek is during the dry season, from May to September, when the skies are generally clear, and the trails are less prone to mud and slippery conditions. The panoramic views from Pumamarca are particularly breathtaking during these months, with the snow-capped peaks of the Andes providing a dramatic backdrop.
The Pumamarca ruins are intrinsically linked to the history of Ollantaytaytambo, a significant Inca administrative and religious centre. Ollantaytaytambo itself was a royal estate of Emperor Pachacuti and played a crucial role during the Inca Empire. The town's strategic location at the confluence of two valleys made it a vital point for controlling trade routes and defending the empire.
The Pumamarca site, meaning "Puma Town" in Quechua, is believed to have served multiple purposes. Its elevated position suggests a defensive or strategic role, possibly overseeing the agricultural activities in the valley below. The well-constructed stone buildings, typical of Inca architecture, indicate a settlement of some importance, likely inhabited by nobility, priests, or skilled artisans. The agricultural terraces surrounding the ruins demonstrate the Incas' mastery of hydraulic engineering and their ability to adapt to the steep Andean environment, transforming barren slopes into productive farmland.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Pumamarca, like much of the Sacred Valley, was inhabited and utilised by the Incas during the 15th and early 16th centuries. Its abandonment likely coincided with the Spanish conquest, though the exact circumstances remain a subject of historical study. The preservation of the site is remarkable, offering a tangible connection to the Inca past. The trek to Pumamarca is not just a physical journey but also an immersion into the historical and cultural landscape of the Incas, allowing visitors to appreciate their advanced civilisation and their profound connection to the land.
The Pumamarca Ruins Trek is best enjoyed during the dry season in the Andes, which typically runs from May to September. This period offers the most favourable weather conditions for hiking in the Sacred Valley.
May to September (Dry Season): This is the prime time to visit. Days are generally sunny and clear, with minimal rainfall. Temperatures are pleasant during the day, often reaching around 18-22°C, but can drop significantly at night, especially at higher elevations. The clear skies provide excellent visibility for the panoramic views from Pumamarca and Ollantaytambo. The trails are dry and less likely to be muddy or slippery, making the ascent more comfortable and safer. This is also the peak tourist season in Peru, so expect more visitors in Ollantaytambo.
October to April (Wet Season): This period is characterised by frequent rainfall, often in the form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms. While mornings can still be clear, the risk of rain increases significantly as the day progresses. The trails can become muddy, slippery, and potentially hazardous. River levels may rise, and visibility from the ruins can be obscured by clouds and mist. Temperatures are generally warmer than in the dry season, but the humidity can be high. While it's still possible to hike during the wet season, it requires more careful planning, appropriate waterproof gear, and a willingness to contend with potentially challenging conditions. The advantage of visiting during the wet season is fewer crowds.
Specific Considerations for Pumamarca: Even during the dry season, mountain weather can be unpredictable. It's always advisable to be prepared for sudden changes, including cooler temperatures and occasional light rain, especially at higher altitudes. The elevation gain means that even on a sunny day, the exertion can lead to overheating, so layering clothing is essential.
Early Morning (Approx. 8:00 AM): Departure from Ollantaytambo
Morning (Approx. 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM): Ascent through Terraces
Midday (Approx. 11:00 AM - 1:00 PM): Arrival at Pumamarca Ruins and Exploration
Afternoon (Approx. 1:00 PM - 3:00 PM): Descent to Ollantaytambo
Late Afternoon (Approx. 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM): Return to Ollantaytambo
Important Notes:
The Pumamarca Ruins Trek is a day hike, making preparation relatively straightforward compared to multi-day treks. The primary logistical consideration is reaching Ollantaytambo, the closest town and the starting point for the hike. Ollantaytambo is a popular tourist destination in its own right, easily accessible from Cusco. From Cusco Airport (CUZ), the most common way to reach Ollantaytambo is by taxi or a pre-booked private transfer, which takes approximately 1.5 to 2 hours. Alternatively, you can take a bus from Cusco's main bus terminal, though this may take longer and involve more changes. If you are already in the Sacred Valley, local taxis or colectivos (shared vans) can also take you to Ollantaytambo.
Upon arrival in Ollantaytambo, the trailhead for Pumamarca is generally accessible on foot from the main plaza. It's advisable to ask locals for directions to the start of the trail leading towards the ruins. While the trail is generally well-trodden, it's always good to have a general sense of direction. Given that this is a day hike, no specific booking coordination is required for accommodation or the trail itself, as no permits are needed. However, ensuring you have adequate supplies and are acclimatised to the altitude is crucial for a comfortable experience.
This is a day hike requiring no overnight accommodation.
No specific permits are required to hike to the Pumamarca Ruins. The trail is generally considered public access, and the archaeological site, while significant, does not have the same strict entry requirements as major Inca sites like Machu Picchu or the main Ollantaytambo fortress. However, it is always advisable to check for any local regulations or changes in access policies before your visit, especially if travelling during peak tourist seasons or if there are any specific community initiatives regarding site preservation.
The primary "requirement" for this trek is your own preparedness. Ensure you have adequate fitness for a moderate hike with significant elevation gain, and that you are properly equipped for the conditions. Respect for the historical site and the surrounding environment is paramount, even without formal permit checks.
Detailed route notes, maps, logistics & tips for the Pumamarca Ruins Trek (PDF).
Precisely traced GPX for the Pumamarca Ruins Trek, ready for your GPS or favourite mapping app.
Ollantaytambo and the surrounding Sacred Valley offer a wealth of activities to complement your Pumamarca Ruins Trek:
Altitude Sickness: Ollantaytambo is situated at approximately 2,792 metres (2,791 m) above sea level, and the Pumamarca ruins are higher. Altitude sickness (soroche) can affect anyone, regardless of fitness level. Symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. To mitigate risks:
Trail Conditions: The trail to Pumamarca is generally well-defined but can be steep and uneven. During the wet season (October to April), sections may become muddy and slippery. Wear appropriate footwear with good grip.
Weather: Mountain weather is unpredictable. Be prepared for strong sun, wind, and potential rain, even during the dry season. Always carry layers of clothing.
Sun Exposure: The sun's rays are intense at high altitudes. Use high SPF sunscreen, wear a hat, and sunglasses.
Water and Food: Carry sufficient water and high-energy snacks. There are no facilities along the trail. Ensure water is treated or bottled.
Emergency Contacts: Have the contact details for local emergency services and your accommodation in Ollantaytambo readily available. It's also advisable to inform someone of your hiking plans and expected return time.
Respect for the Site: Treat the Pumamarca ruins and the surrounding environment with respect. Stay on marked paths to avoid damaging fragile vegetation and archaeological structures.
Ollantaytambo Fortress: While not a side trip from Pumamarca, it's essential to dedicate ample time to exploring the main Ollantaytambo fortress before or after your hike. Its monumental scale, the Temple of the Sun, and the intricate stonework are awe-inspiring. The views from the upper terraces are spectacular.
Pinkuylluna Inca Granaries: Located on the eastern side of the valley, directly opposite the main fortress, these ancient Inca storehouses were built into the cliff face. They were designed to keep food cool and dry using natural ventilation. The short, steep climb to reach them offers a different perspective of Ollantaytambo and the surrounding valley, and the ruins themselves are intriguing.
Agricultural Terraces: The extensive agricultural terraces that flank the path to Pumamarca are a point of interest in themselves. They showcase the Incas' advanced understanding of agriculture, soil management, and water distribution in a challenging mountainous environment. Observing the different levels and their construction provides insight into their sophisticated farming techniques.
Patakancha Valley Views: As you ascend towards Pumamarca, the views down the Patakancha Valley open up. This valley is less frequented by tourists than others in the Sacred Valley, offering a more authentic glimpse of rural Andean life. The rugged beauty of the valley, dotted with small settlements and agricultural plots, is a significant part of the trekking experience.
The Town of Ollantaytambo: The town itself is a living museum. Its narrow cobblestone streets, Inca-designed water channels still in use today, and the general atmosphere of a preserved Inca settlement are points of interest that can be explored at length before or after the hike.
The Pumamarca Ruins Trek traverses a landscape of immense historical and natural significance. Practising Leave No Trace principles is crucial to preserving this environment for future generations and ensuring the integrity of the archaeological site.
Plan Ahead and Prepare: Research the trail, understand the conditions, and pack appropriately. Ensure you have sufficient food and water to avoid relying on or impacting the natural environment.
Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces: Stick to the established trail. Avoid cutting switchbacks or walking on fragile vegetation, especially the ancient terraces. The ruins themselves are historical artefacts; do not climb on or disturb the stonework.
Dispose of Waste Properly: Pack out everything you pack in. This includes all food scraps, wrappers, and any other litter. Use designated toilet facilities in Ollantaytambo before and after your hike. If nature calls on the trail, dig a cathole at least 60 metres (60 m) away from water sources, trails, and campsites, and bury your waste.
Leave What You Find: Do not take any natural objects (rocks, plants) or historical artefacts from the site. The ruins are a protected heritage site.
Minimise Campfire Impacts: Not applicable for this day hike, as camping is not permitted or practical.
Respect Wildlife: Observe any wildlife from a distance. Do not feed animals, as this can disrupt their natural behaviours and diets.
Be Considerate of Other Visitors: Keep noise levels down, especially near the ruins, to allow everyone to appreciate the tranquility and historical atmosphere. Yield to uphill hikers.
By adhering to these principles, you help protect the unique cultural and natural heritage of the Pumamarca Ruins and the Sacred Valley.
