USA — Phoenix
The Arizona Trail is an 800-mile (1287.5 km) National Scenic Trail traversing the entire length of Arizona, from Mexico to Utah, showcasing diverse desert, mountain, and canyon landscapes.
Distance: 1287.5 km
Elevation Gain: 33500 m
Difficulty: Very Challenging
Duration: 6-8 weeks
The Arizona Trail (AZT) is a 1,287.5 km (1287.5 km) long-distance hiking and equestrian trail stretching from the Mexican border to the Utah border, traversing the diverse landscapes of Arizona. This monumental trail offers an unparalleled journey through deserts, mountains, forests, and canyons, showcasing the state's incredible ecological and geological diversity. From the saguaro-studded Sonoran Desert to the ponderosa pine forests of the Mogollon Rim and the red rock country of northern Arizona, the AZT is a true adventure for those seeking a profound connection with the American Southwest. It is a challenging, often remote, and deeply rewarding experience that tests endurance, resilience, and the spirit of exploration.
The Arizona Trail is a testament to the wild beauty and rugged character of the American Southwest. Conceived by Dale Sheldrake, the trail was completed in 2009 and is managed by the Arizona Trail Association (ATA). It is divided into 43 segments, allowing for shorter backpacking trips or a full thru-hike. The trail's path is a masterclass in geographical diversity. It begins in the arid grasslands and saguaro forests of southern Arizona, gradually ascending into the sky islands—isolated mountain ranges that rise like islands from the desert floor, supporting unique ecosystems. As the trail moves north, it climbs onto the Mogollon Rim, a dramatic escarpment that forms the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau. Here, hikers walk through vast ponderosa pine forests, experiencing cooler temperatures and a dramatic shift in scenery.
Further north, the trail navigates the rugged terrain of central Arizona, crossing canyons and remote wilderness areas. The final section leads through the iconic red rock landscapes of northern Arizona, including areas near Flagstaff and the San Francisco Peaks, before reaching its northern terminus at the Utah border. The AZT is known for its remoteness, requiring significant self-sufficiency, navigation skills, and careful planning for water sources, which can be scarce and unreliable in many sections.
The trail is not always a single, well-defined path; it often follows old jeep roads, forest service roads, and sometimes requires navigation through open country. This variability adds to its challenge and adventure. The AZT is a journey through a land of extremes—scorching deserts, high alpine forests, and vast, silent canyons. It offers a profound immersion into the natural world, a chance to disconnect from modern life and reconnect with the raw, untamed beauty of Arizona.
The vision for the Arizona Trail began in the late 1980s with Dale Sheldrake, a retired Air Force Colonel and avid outdoorsman. Sheldrake envisioned a continuous trail that would connect Arizona's diverse natural landscapes, from the Mexican border to the Utah border. His goal was to create a pathway that would allow people to experience the state's varied ecosystems on foot or horseback, fostering appreciation for its natural beauty and encouraging conservation.
Sheldrake spent years scouting routes, working with land managers, and rallying support for his ambitious project. The Arizona Trail Association (ATA) was founded in 1994 to champion the trail's development, construction, and maintenance. The ATA worked tirelessly with federal agencies (including the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management), state agencies, local communities, and volunteers to establish the trail's corridor.
The trail was officially completed and opened in 2009, marking a significant achievement in trail building. Since its completion, the ATA has continued to refine the route, improve signage, and maintain the trail, ensuring its long-term viability. The AZT is a testament to the power of collaboration and volunteerism, a project that brought together diverse groups with a shared passion for the outdoors and the preservation of Arizona's natural heritage. It has since become a premier long-distance trail, attracting hikers and equestrians from around the world.
The Arizona Trail presents a significant challenge due to its extreme temperature variations and the scarcity of water, making seasonal planning paramount. The trail traverses multiple climate zones, from the scorching heat of the Sonoran Desert to the potentially snow-covered peaks of the San Francisco Mountains.
Spring (March–April): This is widely considered the prime season for thru-hiking the Arizona Trail. Temperatures in the southern desert sections are pleasant, typically ranging from 15°C to 25°C during the day, with cooler nights. As hikers progress north, they encounter increasingly mild temperatures in the forests. However, spring can bring unpredictable weather, including late-season snowstorms in the higher elevations and potential flash floods in desert washes. Water sources are generally more reliable in spring due to winter snowmelt and occasional rains.
Fall (October–November): Another excellent season for thru-hiking. Similar to spring, fall offers moderate temperatures in the desert and cooler, crisp air in the mountains. The changing autumn colours in the northern sections can be spectacular. However, water sources may be less abundant than in spring, and early winter storms can bring snow to higher elevations, potentially making sections impassable.
Summer (June–August): Thru-hiking the Arizona Trail in summer is extremely challenging and generally not recommended due to extreme heat, particularly in the southern and central sections. Daytime temperatures can regularly exceed 40°C, posing a severe risk of heatstroke and dehydration. Monsoon season (July–August) brings intense thunderstorms, lightning, and flash floods, which can make river crossings dangerous and washes impassable. While some hikers attempt sections during summer, it requires meticulous planning for water, shade, and avoiding the hottest parts of the day.
Winter (December–February): Winter hiking is feasible for experienced individuals, especially in the southern desert sections where temperatures are mild. However, the northern sections, including the Mogollon Rim and San Francisco Peaks, can experience significant snowfall, making them difficult or impossible to traverse without winter mountaineering skills and equipment. Water sources may be frozen at higher elevations.
The Arizona Trail is typically hiked from south to north, starting at the Mexican border and finishing at the Utah border. This direction generally allows hikers to tackle the hottest desert sections first when temperatures are more manageable in spring, and finish in the cooler northern climes.
Segment 1: Southern Arizona Desert (Mexican Border to Superior)
Segment 2: Central Arizona Mountains (Superior to Flagstaff)
Segment 3: Northern Arizona (Flagstaff to Utah Border)
Important Considerations for Thru-Hikers:
Thru-hiking the Arizona Trail is a significant undertaking that demands meticulous planning and preparation. The trail's length, remoteness, and varied terrain mean that logistics are paramount. Hikers must consider their physical conditioning, mental fortitude, and ability to manage resources in challenging environments. Base towns like Phoenix (for access to southern and central sections) and Flagstaff (for northern sections) offer essential services, accommodation, and transportation hubs. Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX) is the primary gateway for most hikers. From Phoenix, rental cars or shuttle services can be used to reach trailheads. For the southern terminus, driving south on I-10 E to AZ-83 S towards Parker Canyon Lake is a common route. Parking is available, but it's crucial to check current conditions and any local regulations. For the northern terminus, access is typically from the Utah side, often involving shuttle services from towns like Kanab, Utah.
This is a long-distance, backcountry trail. There are no established lodges or hotels along the route. Accommodation consists primarily of dispersed camping in designated wilderness areas and national forests, or primitive camping along the trail corridor. Some sections may pass near established campgrounds or dispersed camping areas, but these are not guaranteed.
Huts, Lodges, Campsites, Shelters:
This is a backcountry trail requiring self-sufficiency. Hikers must carry all necessary camping gear and be prepared to camp in primitive conditions.
Permits for the Arizona Trail are managed by various land management agencies depending on the section of the trail. For thru-hikers, understanding these requirements is crucial for a smooth journey.
General Requirements:
Specific Agencies and Resources:
Thru-Hiker Considerations:
Precisely traced GPX for the Arizona Trail, ready for your GPS or favourite mapping app.
While the Arizona Trail is primarily a hiking and backpacking destination, the diverse regions it traverses offer numerous other activities for those looking to extend their stay or explore off-trail:
Water Scarcity: This is the most significant safety concern on the Arizona Trail. Water sources can be miles apart, unreliable, or contaminated. Hikers must carry ample water (4–6 litres per person is common) and have a reliable water treatment system. Researching current water reports from the ATA and other hikers is essential.
Extreme Temperatures: Desert sections can reach extreme temperatures (over 40°C) in warmer months. Heatstroke and dehydration are serious risks. Hiking during the cooler parts of the day (early morning and late evening) and seeking shade is crucial. Higher elevations can experience freezing temperatures and snow, especially in spring and fall.
Navigation: While many sections are marked, the trail often follows primitive roads or requires navigation through open country. GPS devices, maps, compasses, and the ability to use them are vital. Getting lost in remote areas can be dangerous.
Wildlife: Arizona is home to various wildlife, including rattlesnakes, scorpions, javelinas, coyotes, and black bears. Be aware of your surroundings, store food properly, and know how to react if you encounter wildlife. Rattlesnakes are venomous; give them a wide berth.
Flash Floods: Desert washes and canyons are prone to flash floods, especially during the monsoon season (July–August). Never attempt to cross a flooded wash. Seek higher ground immediately if you hear or see signs of a flash flood.
Trail Conditions: Sections can be rough, rocky, and steep. Uneven terrain increases the risk of sprains and falls. Trekking poles are highly recommended.
Remoteness and Communication: Large portions of the trail have no cell service. Carrying a satellite messenger or Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) is highly recommended for emergencies.
Physical and Mental Preparedness: The AZT is a demanding thru-hike. Hikers must be in excellent physical condition and mentally prepared for solitude, challenges, and potential setbacks.
The Arizona Trail passes through or near numerous areas of significant natural beauty and interest, offering opportunities for side trips and exploration:
Superstition Mountains: This rugged and iconic mountain range in central Arizona is a major highlight of the southern section. The trail traverses through or near the Superstition Wilderness, offering dramatic desert landscapes, canyons, and unique rock formations. Day hikes into the heart of the mountains are possible from trail access points.
Four Peaks Wilderness: Located north of the Superstitions, this area features dramatic peaks and diverse desert flora. The trail offers stunning views and challenging terrain.
Mogollon Rim: This immense escarpment forms the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau. The AZT follows the Rim for a significant distance, providing breathtaking panoramic views of the forests and canyons below. Numerous overlooks and short hiking trails branch off from the main trail.
San Francisco Peaks: The highest mountain range in Arizona, home to Humphreys Peak (3,850 m / 3,851 m). The AZT passes through the forests surrounding these peaks, offering a dramatic change in scenery and cooler temperatures. Day hikes to the summit of Humphreys Peak are a popular side activity for those near Flagstaff.
Grand Canyon National Park Vicinity: While the AZT does not enter the Grand Canyon, it passes relatively close to both the South Rim and the North Rim. Hikers can arrange for side trips to experience this natural wonder.
Vermilion Cliffs National Monument: The northern terminus of the AZT is near this spectacular area, known for its colourful sandstone cliffs, slot canyons, and the famous Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness. While the trail itself doesn't go through the most famous parts, it provides access to the region.
Sky Islands: The southern sections of the AZT traverse Arizona's unique "sky islands"—isolated mountain ranges that rise from the desert floor and host distinct ecosystems. These offer opportunities for wildlife viewing and exploring different ecological zones.
The Arizona Trail traverses fragile desert ecosystems, high alpine forests, and remote wilderness areas. Adhering to Leave No Trace (LNT) principles is paramount to preserving these environments for future generations and ensuring the safety of all trail users.
Plan Ahead and Prepare: Research the trail, water sources, weather, and regulations. Be prepared for self-sufficiency and potential challenges. Know your limits and plan your trip accordingly.
Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces: Stick to the trail corridor, which often includes primitive roads and established paths. When camping, choose established campsites or durable surfaces like sand, gravel, or dry grasses. Avoid camping on fragile vegetation or in riparian areas.
Dispose of Waste Properly: Pack it in, pack it out. This includes all food scraps, wrappers, toilet paper, and any other trash. Use designated toilets where available, or dig catholes 6–8 inches deep and at least 60 m (70 paces) from water sources, trails, and campsites. Pack out all toilet paper.
Leave What You Find: Do not remove or disturb natural objects, plants, or cultural artifacts. Leave them for others to enjoy.
Minimize Campfire Impacts: Campfires are often prohibited on the AZT due to fire danger and the fragile nature of desert and forest ecosystems. If fires are permitted in a specific area, use established fire rings and keep fires small. Ensure fires are completely extinguished before leaving.
Respect Wildlife: Observe wildlife from a distance. Never feed animals, as this can disrupt their natural behaviours and diets, and can be harmful to them. Store food securely to prevent attracting animals.
Be Considerate of Other Visitors: Yield to other hikers and equestrians. Keep noise levels down, especially in remote areas. Respect the solitude of the trail.
