Nepal — Pokhara
Ascend into Nepal's Annapurna Sanctuary on this moderate, 65km trek, a 7-12 day immersion into a glacial amphitheatre. Walk through rhododendron forests and alpine meadows, crossing passes to reach the base of colossal peaks. This iconic route offers unparalleled panoramas and a profound connection with the high Himalayas.
Distance: 65.0 km
Elevation Gain: 4130 m
Difficulty: Moderate
Duration: 7-12 days
The Annapurna Base Camp (ABC) trek is one of the most iconic and celebrated high-altitude journeys in the world. Located within the Annapurna Conservation Area in north-central Nepal, this 65.0 km trek offers a profound immersion into the vertical world of the Himalayas. Unlike many other treks that follow long ridges or deep valleys, the ABC trek leads walkers into a natural amphitheatre known as the Annapurna Sanctuary—a high-altitude glacial basin encircled by a ring of giants, including Annapurna I (8,091 m), the tenth highest mountain on Earth. The route is a masterclass in ecological diversity, beginning in sub-tropical lowlands filled with terraced rice paddies and rhododendron forests, before ascending through bamboo thickets and alpine meadows to reach the stark, glaciated terrain of the base camp at 4,130 m.
The trek is characterised by its accessibility and the unique "tea house" culture of Nepal. Walkers stay in small, family-run lodges in mountain villages, providing a window into the lives of the Gurung and Magar ethnic groups who have inhabited these slopes for centuries. The journey is not merely a physical challenge but a cultural pilgrimage, where the scent of incense from local shrines mingles with the crisp mountain air. With an elevation gain of 4,130 m over the course of the journey, the trek demands physical stamina and respect for the altitude, yet it remains one of the most achievable "bucket list" treks for those with moderate fitness and a spirit of adventure. From the vibrant lakeside city of Pokhara to the silent, snow-draped peaks of the Sanctuary, the Annapurna Base Camp trek is a transformative experience that captures the very essence of Himalayan trekking.
The Annapurna Base Camp trek is often described as a "theatre of the gods." The primary draw is the Annapurna Sanctuary, a unique geographical feature where the mountains form a near-perfect circle, protecting the basin from the harshest winds and creating a micro-climate that feels isolated from the rest of the world. Standing at the centre of this sanctuary, one is surrounded by a 360-degree panorama of peaks: Annapurna I (8,091 m), Annapurna South (7,219 m), Machhapuchhre (6,993 m), and Hiunchuli (6,441 m). The scale is difficult to comprehend; the vertical walls of rock and ice rise kilometres above the valley floor, dwarfing the human presence to insignificance.
The trek begins in the lush, green foothills near Pokhara. The initial days are spent navigating thousands of stone steps—a hallmark of Nepali trekking—that wind through vibrant villages like Ghandruk and Chhomrong. These settlements are architectural marvels, with houses built from local slate and stone, perched precariously on steep hillsides. As you ascend, the landscape undergoes a dramatic transformation. The sub-tropical heat gives way to the cool shade of ancient rhododendron forests, which erupt in shades of crimson and pink during the spring. Higher still, the forest thins into bamboo groves, a vital habitat for the elusive red panda, before finally opening into the rugged, treeless terrain of the high Himalayas.
One of the most striking aspects of the ABC trek is the constant presence of Machhapuchhre, the "Fishtail" mountain. Revered as a sacred peak and never officially climbed to its summit, its distinct double-peaked profile dominates the skyline for much of the journey. The trek is also notable for its "up and down" nature; because the route crosses several ridges and river valleys, the cumulative elevation gain is significantly higher than the simple difference between the start and end points. This makes the trek an excellent test of endurance, though the well-maintained trails and frequent tea house stops allow for a paced and manageable progression. Whether you are watching the sunrise hit the golden face of Annapurna South or sharing a hot meal of dal bhat with fellow travellers in a communal dining hall, the ABC trek offers a sense of camaraderie and wonder that is unique to the Nepali mountains.
The history of the Annapurna region is inextricably linked to the Gurung people, an ethnic group renowned for their bravery and their long-standing tradition of service in the British and Indian Gorkha (Gurkha) regiments. The villages along the trek, such as Ghandruk, serve as cultural hubs where traditional Gurung customs are still practiced. Historically, these communities relied on subsistence farming, sheep herding, and trade with Tibet. The stone-paved paths you walk today were originally trade routes and paths used by locals to move livestock between seasonal pastures.
In the context of mountaineering, the Annapurna massif holds a place of high honour. In 1950, a French expedition led by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal became the first humans to summit an 8,000-metre peak when they reached the top of Annapurna I. This historic achievement predated the successful ascent of Mount Everest by three years and brought international attention to the region. The "Sanctuary" itself was first explored by Westerners in 1956 when Colonel James Roberts, a legendary figure in Himalayan exploration, identified the basin as a potential trekking destination. Roberts is often credited with "inventing" the concept of commercial trekking in Nepal, and the Annapurna region was his primary focus.
The cultural landscape is also deeply spiritual. For the local communities, the mountains are not just geological features but the abodes of deities. Machhapuchhre is considered sacred to the god Shiva, and climbing it is strictly prohibited to preserve its sanctity. Throughout the trek, you will encounter "mani" walls (stone structures inscribed with Buddhist mantras), prayer flags fluttering in the wind, and small Hindu shrines. The practice of "Puja" (worship) is common before major undertakings, and trekkers are encouraged to respect these local traditions. The establishment of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) in 1986 marked a turning point in the region's history, creating a model for sustainable tourism that balances environmental protection with the economic needs of the local people.
Want more background? Read extended notes on history and cultural context → Learn more
The Annapurna region experiences a distinct monsoon-driven climate, which dictates the best times for trekking. There are two primary windows for a successful and enjoyable trek to Annapurna Base Camp.
Autumn (October to November): This is widely considered the peak trekking season. Following the monsoon rains, the air is washed clean of dust, resulting in exceptionally clear skies and the best possible mountain views. The temperatures are moderate at lower elevations and crisp but manageable at base camp. This is the busiest time on the trail, so tea houses can be crowded, and a social atmosphere prevails. The landscape is lush and green, though the flowers of spring have faded.
Spring (March to May): The second most popular window. This season is famous for the blooming of the rhododendron forests, which turn the hillsides into a riot of colour. Temperatures are warmer than in autumn, making the higher altitudes more comfortable. However, as the season progresses toward May, a haze can sometimes build up in the afternoons, partially obscuring the distant peaks. This is also the time when mountaineering expeditions are active on the higher peaks.
Winter (December to February): For those seeking solitude and who are well-prepared for the cold, winter trekking is possible. The skies are often brilliantly blue, but temperatures at Annapurna Base Camp can drop to -15°C or lower at night. Snowfall can block the trail between Deurali and Machhapuchhre Base Camp, and the risk of avalanches in the narrow "gates" of the Sanctuary increases significantly. Many tea houses at higher elevations may close during this period.
Monsoon (June to September): Trekking during the monsoon is generally discouraged. Heavy rains lead to muddy trails, frequent landslides, and an abundance of leeches in the forested sections. Clouds usually obscure the mountains, and domestic flights to Pokhara are frequently cancelled or delayed. However, the flora is at its most vibrant, and the waterfalls are spectacular for those who don't mind the wet and the lack of mountain views.
Day 1: Pokhara to Nayapul and trek to Ulleri
Day 2: Ulleri to Ghorepani
Day 3: Ghorepani to Tadapani (via Poon Hill)
Day 4: Tadapani to Chhomrong
Day 5: Chhomrong to Dovan
Day 6: Dovan to Deurali
Day 7: Deurali to Annapurna Base Camp (via MBC)
Day 8: Annapurna Base Camp to Bamboo
Day 9: Bamboo to Jhinu Danda
Day 10: Jhinu Danda to Nayapul and return to Pokhara
Important Notes:
The Annapurna Base Camp trek requires a combination of physical preparation and logistical coordination. While it is not a technical climb, the sheer volume of stone steps—both up and down—places significant strain on the quadriceps and knees. Training should focus on cardiovascular endurance (hiking, running, or cycling) and leg strength. If possible, practice hiking with a weighted pack to simulate trekking conditions. Mental preparation for basic living conditions is also important; while tea houses are comfortable, they are simple, and facilities become more basic as you gain altitude.
Pokhara is the essential base for this trek. It is a relaxed city with a wide range of gear shops, pharmacies, and grocery stores where you can purchase last-minute supplies. Most trekkers spend at least one or two days in Pokhara before starting to finalise permits and organise transport. You can reach Pokhara from Kathmandu via a 25-minute domestic flight or a 7–9 hour tourist bus journey. Booking your transport to the trailhead (Nayapul or Ghandruk) can be done easily through your hotel or a local travel agency in Pokhara.
Accommodation on the ABC trek is provided by "tea houses"—small, family-run lodges that offer a bed and hot meals. These have evolved from very basic huts into well-organised establishments, though they remain rustic.
Hut Facilities:
What Tea Houses Don't Provide:
Booking Requirements:
To trek in the Annapurna region, all foreign nationals are required to obtain two specific permits. These are checked at various checkpoints along the trail, and trekking without them can result in heavy fines or being turned back.
1. ACAP Permit (Annapurna Conservation Area Project):
2. TIMS Card (Trekkers' Information Management System):
Required Documents:
Important Note: Do not wait until you reach the trailhead to get your permits. While there is a small counter at the Nayapul entrance, it is much more expensive and sometimes closed. It is highly recommended to organise these in Pokhara the day before you start.
Detailed route notes, maps, logistics & tips for the Annapurna Base Camp Trek (PDF).
Precisely traced GPX for the Annapurna Base Camp Trek, ready for your GPS or favourite mapping app.
The Annapurna region and the nearby city of Pokhara offer a wealth of experiences beyond the main trek:
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): This is the primary safety concern on the ABC trek. As you ascend above 3,000 m, the air becomes thinner, and your body needs time to adapt. Symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness, and loss of appetite. To prevent AMS: ascend slowly (no more than 500 m of sleeping elevation gain per day above 3,000 m), drink 3–4 litres of water daily, avoid alcohol and tobacco, and consider taking Diamox (consult a doctor first). If symptoms persist or worsen, the only cure is to descend immediately.
Weather and Trail Conditions: The trail is generally well-maintained, but it is subject to the whims of nature. Landslides can occur during or after heavy rain, particularly in the section between Chhomrong and Dovan. In winter and early spring, the section between Deurali and Machhapuchhre Base Camp is a known avalanche risk zone. Always check with local lodge owners or your guide about current conditions before heading out in the morning. The weather can change in minutes; a sunny morning can turn into a snowstorm by afternoon, so always carry your waterproof layers in your daypack.
Water Safety: Never drink untreated tap or stream water. While it may look clear, it can contain parasites like Giardia. Use a high-quality filter, UV purifier, or chlorine/iodine tablets. Buying bottled water is possible but discouraged due to the massive plastic waste problem in the mountains. Most tea houses sell "safe" boiled water for a small fee.
Emergency Evacuation: In the event of a serious injury or severe AMS, helicopter evacuation is the only way out of the higher sections of the trek. Ensure your travel insurance specifically covers "trekking up to 4,500 m" and "emergency helicopter evacuation." Keep your insurance details and the contact number for the rescue coordination centre easily accessible.
Communication: Mobile signal (Ncell and Nepal Telecom) is available in many villages but becomes spotty or non-existent as you enter the Sanctuary. Most tea houses offer WiFi for a fee, but it is often slow and unreliable during bad weather. It is wise to inform family of your itinerary and let them know there will be periods where you are out of contact.
Poon Hill (3,210 m): Often included as part of the ABC trek, this is one of Nepal's most famous viewpoints. A pre-dawn hike from Ghorepani brings you to the summit just as the sun begins to hit the peaks of Dhaulagiri I (8,167 m) and Annapurna I. The sight of the mountains turning from deep blue to glowing orange is a highlight for many trekkers. It adds 1–2 days to the trek but is highly recommended for the perspective it provides on the entire range.
Jhinu Danda Hot Springs: Located a 20-minute steep descent from the village of Jhinu Danda, these natural hot springs sit right on the banks of the rushing Modi Khola river. There are three well-maintained pools of varying temperatures. It is the perfect way to soothe aching muscles on the return journey. A small entrance fee is charged, which goes toward the maintenance of the pools and the local school.
Machhapuchhre Base Camp (MBC) (3,700 m): While not a "base camp" in the traditional sense (since the mountain is not climbed), this is a mandatory stop on the way to ABC. It offers a completely different perspective of the "Fishtail" mountain, looking up at its sheer vertical walls. The sunset from MBC, looking back down the valley you just climbed, is often as spectacular as the views from ABC itself.
Ghandruk Village: If your route takes you through Ghandruk, spend some time exploring this traditional Gurung settlement. It features a small cultural museum, beautifully carved stone houses, and some of the best-organised community tourism in Nepal. It is an excellent place to learn about the history of the Gurkha soldiers and the local way of life.
The Annapurna Conservation Area is a fragile ecosystem under significant pressure from tourism. As a trekker, you have a responsibility to minimise your impact and help preserve this landscape for future generations. The "Leave No Trace" principles are particularly relevant in the high Himalayas, where waste decomposition is slow and resources are scarce.
Your responsibility as a walker:
The mountains are a place of peace and spiritual significance. By following these principles, you ensure that the Annapurna Sanctuary remains a sanctuary in every sense of the word.
